2013高考英语常见语法（14）

一、主谓一致
1、就近原则
1. 由并列结构或连词（either…or， neither…nor，not…but， not only…but also， or等）连接的并列主语，谓语动词与最近的那个名词或代词保持一致。
例句：Neither his parents nor Tom is at home. Tom和他的父母都不在家。
Note：“either…or, neither…nor, or”连接的两个主语若是一单一复，最好将复数词放在后面而接复数动词。
2. 在倒装句和there be句型中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致。
例句：There is a book and some pens on the desk. 桌子上有一本书和几支钢笔。
There comes the bus. 汽车来了。
3. 在定语从句中，关系代词作主语，其谓语动词应与它所指代的先行词保持一致。
例句：I know the man who is talking to my father.我认识那个正在和我父亲谈话的人。
4. 在强调句中，连接代词又在句中作主语，这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。
例句：It is Mary’s brother who was injured in the car accident. 是Mary的哥哥在车祸中受伤了。
例题：
1)the father as well as his three children ______ skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter.(2006辽宁)
A. is going B. go C. goes D. are going
2)Professor Smith, along with his assistants, ______ on the project day and night to meet the deadline. (2005上海)
A. workB. working C. is working D. are working
3) A poet and artist _______ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon.(2006江苏)
A. is B. are C. was D. were
2、意义一致原则
1. 当主语与谓语动词之间插入along with，with，as well as，together with， no less than，besides，except， but， including等短语时，谓语动词不受这些插入语的干扰，依然和主语保持一致。
例句：I, along with my sister, am going to Shanghai next month. 我，还有我姐姐，打算下个月去上海。
2. 英语中有一类单、复数同型的词（people，means，sheep，deer，fish等），其单、复数取决于它在句中的含义。
例句：All of the people in the country have been prepared for the great reformation.这个国家的人都已经为大变革做好了准备。
3. 多数情况下，由“what”引导的名词性从句作主语时，其后的谓语动词通常用单数形式。
例句：What I want to say is just “ Take care!”.我只想说：“多保重！”
4. 当主语与all， none， any，some等不定代词、形容词连用时，应根据具体句意，来决定其后的谓语动词的单复数。
例句：All I know about this company is what he told me yesterday.我对这家公司的了解都是昨天完他告诉我的。
5. “…+ (of) +名词”结构描述数量时，如果“of”后的名词为单数（不可数名词），则谓语动词用单数，如果名词为复数，则谓语动词用复数。
例句：Most of the water here is clean.大部分的水是干净的。
80% cotton has been sent to America.80%的棉花已经被送往美国。
6. 词组“a number of， a great/good many， a group of +可数名词复数”的结构作主语时，谓语动词应用复数；如果冠词a变为the，则谓语动词用单数。
例句： A number of ancient buildings are destroyed in the war.许多的古代建筑在战争中被毁。
The number of the visitors has decreased this year. 游客的数量今年减少了。
7. 英语的集体名词（committee, crowd, family, public, group, party, team, class, club, company, union等词），指代“整体”时为单数；指代“其中的各成员”则为复数。
例句：My family was very poor when I was a little girl.当我还是一个小女孩儿的时候，我家很穷。
My family are all looking forward for your coming. 我的家人都在期待着你的到来
例题：
As you can see, the number of cars on roads______ rising these days.(2006)
A. was keeping B. keep C. keeps D. were keeping
二、倒装
全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1. here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首,：
There goes the bell.　铃声渐渐消失了。
2. 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如：
Ahead sat an old woman.
注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如：
1) Here he comes. 他来了。
2) Away they went.　他们走了。
部分倒装
如果只把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前，就叫部分倒装。常见的考点有以下五种情况：
1.only放在句首，修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，要进行部分倒装。注意当only修饰状语从句时，主句部分倒装，被only修饰的状语从句部分不倒装。
Only then ______how much damage had been caused.(2006陕西，16)
A. had she realized
B. she realized
C. did she realize
D. she had realized
2.在句型“so…that…”和“such…that…”中，如果so +adj 或such +n提前放在句首时，前半句半倒装后半句不倒装。
.______homework did we have to do that we had no time to take a rest.(2006福建，30)
A. So much B. Too much C. Too little D. So little
3.如果never，hardly，seldom，scarcely，barely，little，at no time，not once，by no means，not only…but also…，no sooner…than…，hardly…when…，和not until等否定意义的副词或连词位于句首时，要部分倒装。
I've tried very hard to improve my English. But by no means ______with my progress.(2006重庆24)
A. the teacher is not satisfied
B. is the teacher not satisfied
C. the teacher is satisfied
D. is the teacher satisfied
4.在so，nor，neither开头的句子，表示重复前句部分内容，句子的主语与前句的主语不是同一人，但谓语的时态，形式应与前句相一致。这时要用半倒装。但当句子的主语与原句为同一人时，不倒装。
-Father，you promised！(2005湖北，34)
-Well，_____.But it was you who didn't keep your word first.
A. so was I B. so did I
C. so I was D. so I did
5.在as引导的让步状语从句中，可表语提前，若从句的表语是名词，其名词前不加任何冠词。
______，he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class.(2005重庆，27)
A.A quiet student as he may be
B. Quiet student as he may be
C. Be a quiet student as he may be
D. Quiet as he may be a student